Abstract

X-ray crystallography has emerged as a cornerstone technique in modern chemistry, enabling scientists to elucidate the three-dimensional structures of a vast array of molecules, from simple organic compounds to complex biological macromolecules. This method exploits the diffraction of X-rays by crystalline materials, revealing atomic arrangements with unparalleled precision. In this review, we discuss the fundamental principles of X-ray crystallography, highlighting its historical development and significant milestones. We explore its applications across various fields, including drug design, materials science, and structural biology, showcasing how structural insights facilitate advancements in these disciplines. Furthermore, we examine recent technological innovations, such as synchrotron radiation and computational methods that enhance data acquisition and analysis. Ultimately, we emphasize the indispensable role of X-ray crystallography in driving forward our understanding of chemical structures and reactivity, paving the way for future discoveries in science and industry.