Abstract

Host-pathogen interactions are complex relationships that occur between infectious agents and their host organisms, significantly influencing disease outcomes and public health. This article explores the various types of interactions, including commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism, as well as the mechanisms employed by pathogens to invade and exploit hosts. It highlights pathogen strategies such as adhesion, immune evasion, toxin production, and intracellular survival. Conversely, hosts deploy innate and adaptive immune responses to combat infections, employing mechanisms like cytokine production and apoptosis. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies, including vaccine development and addressing antimicrobial resistance. By elucidating the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, researchers can enhance disease management and improve health outcomes globally.