Abstract

This study explores the intricate relationship between microbial endocrinology and pathogen virulence, highlighting how host hormones influence the behavior and pathogenicity of infectious agents. Recent findings indicate that hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and estrogen can modulate microbial growth, gene expression, and biofilm formation. This review synthesizes current research on the mechanisms by which hormonal signals impact microbial behavior and how these interactions contribute to disease outcomes. By elucidating the role of host hormones in infectious diseases, we aim to identify potential therapeutic targets for enhancing host defenses and mitigating pathogen virulence.