Abstract

HIV and pregnancy present a unique set of challenges and considerations for both the mother and the developing fetus. With advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), the vertical transmission of HIV can be significantly minimized, improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. However, managing HIV during pregnancy requires a multi-faceted approach that involves monitoring viral load, ensuring proper adherence to ART, and addressing the physical and psychological well-being of the mother. The treatment regimen must be tailored to minimize the risk of adverse effects on the pregnancy while maintaining viral suppression. Furthermore, prenatal care must include screenings for opportunistic infections, management of co-morbidities, and counseling on issues such as delivery methods and infant feeding options. This comprehensive guide explores the complexities of managing HIV during pregnancy, the role of ART in preventing mother-to-child transmission, and the associated health risks for both mother and child. It also discusses the evolving guidelines for care and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between obstetricians, infectious disease specialists, and pediatricians to optimize outcomes for both mother and child. Special attention is given to maternal mental health, social determinants of health, and the need for patient-centered care in a multidisciplinary setting. Finally, the guide addresses postnatal care, emphasizing the importance of infant monitoring, HIV testing, and continued ART for mothers and infants.