Abstract

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has an unidentified origin. Nevertheless, epidemiologic and demographic data provide a wealth of information. A thorough evaluation of the medical literature on DDH was conducted. Left-sided disease predominates (64.0%), as does unilateral disease (63.4%). Native Americans have a higher frequency per 1000 live births (76.1) compared to Africans in Africa (0.06). Within each racial group, incidence varies significantly depending on where it occurs. Africans have a 0.4 percent incidence of clinical neonatal hip instability at birth, while Polish Caucasians had a 61.7 percent incidence. Breech presentation, a favourable family history, and gender are all indicators of DDH (female). Children who are delivered early, have low birth weights, or are the result of multiple pregnancies are largely shielded from DDH. There is a rise in DDH in certain HLA A, B, and D types. DDH has a high association with chromosome 17q21. Ligamentous laxity, anomalies in the metabolism of collagen, oestrogen, and pelvic instability brought on by pregnancy are all well-known correlations with DDH. Many studies, in both the northern and southern hemispheres, show that DDH rises throughout the winter. Swaddling has a strong connection to DDH. DDH risk factors include amniocentesis, early labour, and heavy radiation exposure. Congenital muscular torticollis and congenital foot abnormalities are related disorders. Rigid radiography examinations typically reveal abnormalities in the hip on the other side. The relationship between adult hip osteoarthritis and acetabular dysplasia is complicated. Studies on archaeology suggest that the epidemiology of DDH may be evolving.