Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soil is a growing environmental issue that poses significant threats to plant biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) accumulate in the soil due to industrial activities, agricultural practices, and improper waste disposal. These metals exhibit long-term persistence and toxicity, affecting soil microbial communities, plant growth, and food security. This study explores the sources, effects, and potential remediation strategies for heavy metal-contaminated soils, emphasizing the ecological and toxicological risks. By understanding these impacts, policymakers and researchers can implement effective mitigation measures to protect biodiversity and maintain soil health.