Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), represent a significant global health burden. These conditions are characterized by progressive neuronal damage and loss of function, often accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation. Recent research has highlighted the intricate interplay between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting that immune modulation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases and explores various immunomodulatory approaches under investigation, including targeting specific immune cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways. The potential of these strategies to mitigate neuronal damage and promote repair is discussed, along with challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.