Abstract

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) stands as a significant public health concern, particularly in regions where the virus-carrying rodent hosts are prevalent. First identified in 1993, HPS has since garnered attention for its rapid onset, severe respiratory distress, and high mortality rates. The etiological agents, hantaviruses, belong to the Bunyaviridae family and are transmitted to humans primarily through inhalation of aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. Upon infection, the virus targets endothelial cells, leading to increased vascular permeability, ultimately culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and potentially fatal outcomes. Epidemiologically, HPS demonstrates a distinct seasonal and geographic distribution, with outbreaks often linked to environmental factors influencing rodent populations. Diagnosis of HPS remains challenging due to its nonspecific clinical presentation and reliance on serological testing, with early recognition crucial for timely intervention and improved outcomes. Management primarily focuses on supportive care, including mechanical ventilation for respiratory support, alongside rigorous infection control measures to prevent nosocomial transmission. Despite advancements in our understanding of HPS pathogenesis and management, the absence of specific antiviral therapies underscores the importance of preventive measures, such as rodent control strategies and public awareness campaigns. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, encompassing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and preventive strategies.