Abstract

Geophysical imaging techniques play a pivotal role in exploring Earth's subsurface structures and properties through the integration of seismic, electromagnetic, and other geophysical methods. This research article provides a comprehensive overview of these techniques, detailing their principles, applications, and advancements in imaging technologies. Emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of geophysics, the article examines how seismic reflection/refraction, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and electromagnetic induction methods contribute to subsurface imaging. Case studies illustrate the efficacy of these techniques in diverse geological settings, from hydrocarbon exploration to environmental studies and archaeology. The article concludes with a discussion on future trends and challenges in geophysical imaging, highlighting the potential for technological innovations to enhance our understanding of subsurface environments.