Abstract

Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a crucial technology for mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This paper provides an in-depth examination of geological storage techniques and their application through various case studies. Geological storage involves capturing CO2 from industrial sources, transporting it, and injecting it into suitable geological formations for long-term containment. The primary techniques discussed include depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers, and unmineable coal seams, each offering distinct advantages and challenges in terms of storage capacity, security, and monitoring. The paper reviews the operational principles and technical considerations of these storage methods, highlighting their effectiveness in different geological contexts. Case studies from notable projects, such as the Sleipner CO2 Storage Project in Norway, the Gorgon CO2 Injection Project in Australia, and the Weyburn-Midale Project in Canada, are analyzed to illustrate realworld applications, successes, and challenges encountered in implementing geological storage. These case studies provide valuable insights into best practices, technological advancements, and the lessons learned from diverse storage environments.