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Geological and Archaeological Evidence of El Ni̮̱o Events along the Coast of El Oro Province Ecuador: Excavations at La Emerenciana a LateValdivia (ca. 2200 1450 B.C.) Ceremonial Center
| John E. Staller* | |
| Prometeo Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador | |
| Corresponding Author : | John E. Staller Prometeo Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas, Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador Tel: +593 4-228-3348 E-mail: jstaller@earthlink.net |
| Received August 09, 2015; Accepted August 25, 2015; Published August 28, 2015 | |
| Citation: Staller JE (2015) Geological and Archaeological Evidence of El Niño Events along the Coast of El Oro Province Ecuador: Excavations at La Emerenciana a Late Valdivia (ca. 2200 1450 B.C.) Ceremonial Center. J Bioremed Biodeg 6:309. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000309 | |
| Copyright: © 2015 Staller JE. This is an open-a ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | |
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Abstract
El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a band of anomalously warm ocean water related to changes in oceanic currents and trade winds. El Niño represents a general warming of surface sea temperatures along the Eastern Pacific, and a lessening or reversal of NE trade winds, creating warm humid air and reducing upwelling of cold waters resulting in dramatic perturbations to maritime and terrestrial flora and fauna [1,2]. El Niño events are differentiated by intensity and duration, or a combination of both. Particularly extreme or intense events as in 1983/84, or 1997/98 are referred to as Mega El Niño that appear to have their origins 5800 years ago [3-5]. Such climatic and oceanographic perturbations have dramatic impacts upon human adaptation and sociocultural development. These climatic and oceanographic alterations create a reduction of upwelling cold waters along the west coast of South America. These climatic changes result in dramatic perturbations to maritime and terrestrial flora and fauna and, consequently, human adaptation. El Niño events are differentiated by their intensity and duration, or a combination of both [6-8]. Particularly extreme or intense events as in 1983/84, or 1997/98 are referred to as Mega El Niño which appear to have their origins 5800 years ago [3]. There is geological and archaeological evidence based upon the frequency of species of shellfish, to indicate they increased in frequency and duration between 5800 and 3200 BP and decreased in frequency between 3200-2800 BP
