Abstract

Under the influence of numerous environmental variables, plastics that enter the environment will linger, keep degrading, and break down into smaller particles. Due to their greater surface area to volume ratios, microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) are more likely to have a negative environmental impact and are also more likely to adsorb organic pollutants and pathogens from the media they come in contact with. On their traits, fragmentation, distribution, and effects on freshwater environments, nothing is known. Detailed sampling techniques and an automated, quick, inexpensive, and trustworthy analytical approach that is appropriate for routine examination must be developed in order to address these unanswered concerns about the dynamics of plastic particles and their consequences on the environment. The study describes the most recent developments in the investigation of potential freshwater biota's exposure to MP and NP toxicants, as well as the analytical techniques.