Abstract

Fish farming, or aquaculture, plays a significant role in meeting the growing global demand for fish products.  However, the presence of fungi and mycotoxins in fish feeds can compromise their quality and safety, thereby impacting fish health. This article examines the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in fish feeds and their potential effects on fish well-being. Fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria commonly contaminate fish feeds due to improper storage and handling practices. These fungi produce mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites that can persist even after fungal growth is suppressed. Aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins frequently found in fish feeds. The presence of fungi and mycotoxins can adversely impact fish health by reducing feed intake, impairing nutrient absorption, compromising growth performance, disrupting the gut microbiota, and suppressing the immune system. Mycotoxins can also accumulate in fish tissues, posing risks to human consumers. Detection of fungi and mycotoxins in fish feeds can be challenging, but advanced analytical techniques aid in their identification and quantification. Prevention strategies involve implementing good agricultural and manufacturing practices, such as proper storage, drying, and monitoring of raw materials. The use of binders or adsorbents in feeds can mitigate the effects of mycotoxins by reducing their bioavailability. Safeguarding feed safety and quality is crucial for maintaining fish health and the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Continued research is necessary to develop effective detection methods and preventive measures in order to mitigate the risks associated with fungal contamination and mycotoxin presence in fish feeds.