Abstract

Endurance exercise (EXE) is a potent inducer of both muscle fiber transformation as well as autophagy in skeletal muscles. However, it has remained unknown whether autophagy is associated with EXE-induced muscle fiber transformation. Thus, we examined autophagy responses in in fast muscle (tibialis anterior; TA) tissues after sixweek long term treadmill EXE by assessing a series of autophagy signaling pathways and muscle fiber transformation through Western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy. First, we confirmed that EXE caused slow muscle phenotypes in TA muscle, evidenced by reduction in cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers, increases in type I and II fibers, and upregulation of mitochondrial proteins. Subsequently, our results showed that transformation of muscle fiber types concurred with autophagy upregulation (e.g., an increase in LC3-II, LC3-II/I ratio, and BNIP3); however, intriguingly, inductive signaling of autophagy (e.g., phosphorylation of AMPK and BCL2) were suppressed. Moreover, anabolic signaling (e.g., an increase in phosphorylation levels of AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, and FOXO3), which typically serves as anti-autophagy factor were significantly elevated. Our findings suggest that although autophagy levels were sustained higher in TA of EXE-trained mice compared to sedentary mice, concomitant potentiation of anabolic signaling by EXE may serve as a negative feedback to prevent excessive catabolism induced by autophagy. We also suggest that this anabolic response may be necessary for remodeling of anaerobic fast muscle fibers into aerobic muscle fibers and mitochondrial biogenesis.

Keywords: Endurance exercise; Autophagy; Mitochondria; Skeletal muscle; Anabolic signalling; Muscle fiber type