Abstract

Pollution has increased in recent decades due to increased human activity in energy storage, unsafe agricultural practices, and rapid industrialization. Pollutions that cause environmental and health problems due to toxicity include heavy metals, nuclear waste, pesticides, greenhouse gases, and hydrocarbons. Restoration of contaminated areas (bioremediation) using microbial processes has proven to be effective and reliable due to its environmentally friendly properties. Bioremediation can be performed either out of habitat or out of habitat, depending on several factors, including but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type and concentration of contaminants. In general, out-of-range techniques are clearly more expensive than field techniques as a result of the additional costs associated with drilling. However, the cost of installing on-site equipment and the inability to effectively visualize and control the underground of a contaminated site are major concerns when performing on-site bioremediation. Therefore, choosing the right bioremediation technique to effectively reduce contaminant levels to a benign state is critical to the success of the bioremediation project. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive knowledge on the two major bioremediation techniques with regards to Assessment of Environmental Pollution.