Abstract

The human gut microbiome plays a crucial role in modulating drug metabolism and therapeutic efficacy through complex interactions with pharmaceutical agents. This review explores the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome influences drug biopharmaceutics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and discusses the implications for therapeutic outcomes. We highlight the role of enzymatic biotransformation, intestinal permeability, and drug-induced toxicity in shaping the gut microbiome-drug interaction landscape. Furthermore, we examine the potential of personalized medicine approaches and gut microbiome modulation strategies to optimize drug therapy and improve patient outcomes. Understanding the interplay between the gut microbiome and drugs offers new avenues for precision medicine and drug development.