Abstract

Periodontology, a specialized branch within dentistry, focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting the supporting structures of teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This field encompasses a diverse range of conditions, from gingivitis, the reversible inflammation of the gums, to periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease leading to irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

Research in periodontology has revealed intricate interactions between bacterial pathogens, host immune responses, and genetic predispositions, shedding light on the multifactorial nature of periodontal diseases. Advances in diagnostic tools, such as periodontal probing, radiography, and molecular techniques, have facilitated accurate disease assessment and personalized treatment planning. Furthermore, therapeutic modalities have evolved, encompassing nonsurgical approaches like scaling and root planning, as well as surgical interventions such as flap surgery, bone grafting, and guided tissue regeneration.

Moreover, the recognition of periodontal diseases as potential risk factors for systemic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, has underscored the importance of periodontal health in overall well-being. As such, interdisciplinary collaboration between periodontists, general dentists, and other healthcare professionals is essential for comprehensive patient care and disease prevention. Provides an overview of the scope, advancements, and clinical implications of periodontology, emphasizing the integral role of periodontal health in maintaining oral function and systemic health.

Periodontology is the branch of dentistry that focuses on the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, are among the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans worldwide. These diseases result from the complex interaction between microbial pathogens and the host immune response, leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues and, if left untreated, tooth loss. Understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases is crucial for dental practitioners to effectively manage and prevent these conditions. This review provides an overview of periodontology, including its historical background, anatomical considerations, etiology of periodontal diseases, diagnostic methods, and current treatment modalities. Additionally, emerging trends and future directions in periodontal research and clinical practice are discussed, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and personalized approaches to periodontal care.