Abstract

This article provides a thorough exploration of biomarkers of toxicity, shedding light on their significance in toxicology research. Biomarkers, measurable indicators of toxicity at various levels, offer crucial insights into the early detection and mechanisms of adverse effects caused by diverse substances. The discussion encompasses biochemical, genetic, protein, and cellular biomarkers, each serving distinct roles in toxicological assessments. Applications of biomarkers extend to early detection of toxicity, drug development, environmental monitoring, and occupational exposure assessment. Despite challenges related to specificity and sensitivity, recent advances in omics technologies and data integration have propelled biomarker research. The article emphasizes the need for standardized assays and regulatory frameworks to enhance the reliability of biomarkers in toxicology. In conclusion, biomarkers of toxicity emerge as indispensable tools, playing a pivotal role in ensuring the safety of pharmaceuticals, safeguarding the environment, and evaluating occupational exposures for a healthier and safer future.