Abstract

Equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of human rights enshrined in various international and regional legal frameworks. This article examines the legal protections established to promote equality and combat discrimination, including key international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. It also explores regional agreements like the European Convention on Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Despite these robust legal protections, significant challenges persist, including systemic discrimination, intersectionality, inconsistent enforcement, cultural attitudes, and economic disparities. The article argues for a comprehensive approach to address these challenges, emphasizing the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms, greater awareness, and targeted policies to achieve true equality and justice.