Abstract

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that affect millions of people worldwide. This abstract aims to provide an overview of epilepsy, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies. The prevalence of epilepsy varies across different regions, with significant impacts on the affected individuals’ quality of life, mental health, and social interactions. The etiology of epilepsy is multifactorial, involving genetic, structural, metabolic, and acquired factors. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of epilepsy involves complex interactions between neuronal hyper excitability, altered synaptic transmission, and abnormal network synchronization. Seizures, the hallmark of epilepsy, manifest in diverse forms, ranging from subtle focal seizures to generalized tonic-clonic convulsions. Accurate diagnosis and classification of seizures are crucial for effective treatment planning and prognosis. Various diagnostic methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging, and clinical assessments, aid in the identification and characterization of epileptic seizures. Management of epilepsy encompasses a multidisciplinary approach, combining pharmacological interventions, surgical interventions, ketogenic diet, and lifestyle modifications. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) remain the primary treatment modality, with the selection based on seizure type, syndrome, and individual patient characteristics. For refractory epilepsy cases, surgical resection or neuromodulation techniques may be considered. While significant progress has been made in epilepsy research and treatment, challenges still exist. Adverse effects of AEDs, comorbidities, and stigma associated with epilepsy pose obstacles to optimal management. Additionally, research focusing on understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance, development of novel therapeutics, and personalized treatment approaches are ongoing. epilepsy is a complex disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, requiring a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies. Advancements in research and clinical practice continue to shape the landscape of epilepsy care, aiming to improve seizure control and enhance the quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy.