Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) represents a significant global health burden, characterized by progressive airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology and key risk factors contributing to COPD development, with a particular focus on tobacco smoking and environmental exposures. Epidemiological data reveal a rising prevalence of COPD worldwide, influenced by demographic shifts and evolving healthcare patterns. Tobacco smoking remains the predominant risk factor, accounting for a substantial proportion of COPD cases. Additionally, occupational hazards, indoor and outdoor air pollution, biomass fuel exposure, and genetic predispositions contribute significantly to disease susceptibility. Understanding these multifaceted risk factors is crucial for effective prevention strategies and targeted interventions aimed at reducing COPD prevalence and improving patient outcomes.