Abstract

Familial cancer syndromes result from inherited genetic mutations that increase an individual’s susceptibility to malignancies, but environmental factors also play a critical role in modifying disease risk and progression. The interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures, including diet, radiation, toxins, and lifestyle factors, influences cancer development, penetrance, and severity in affected individuals. Key syndromes such as Lynch syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) highlight the complexity of these interactions. Advances in molecular genetics, epigenetics, and biomarker research have improved the understanding of how environmental triggers impact gene expression and tumor initiation in individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes. Additionally, personalized risk assessment, genetic counseling, and preventive strategies such as lifestyle modifications, chemoprevention, and early surveillance programs play a crucial role in mitigating cancer risks. Future research should focus on integrating genetic and environmental data to develop more precise prevention and intervention strategies tailored to individuals with hereditary cancer susceptibility.