Abstract

Oral bioavailability is a critical determinant of therapeutic efficacy, influencing the pharmacokinetics of various drug formulations. Despite the growing number of pharmaceuticals developed for oral administration, many exhibit poor bioavailability due to factors such as solubility, permeability, and first-pass metabolism. This review explores innovative formulation strategies aimed at enhancing oral bioavailability, including nanotechnology, lipid-based formulations, polymeric carriers, and prodrug approaches. Additionally, it discusses the clinical implications of these advancements, focusing on how improved bioavailability can lead to better therapeutic outcomes, reduced dosing frequency, and enhanced patient compliance. Case studies of recently marketed formulations and ongoing clinical trials are presented to illustrate the potential of these innovative strategies. By integrating pharmaceutical science and clinical application, this review provides insights into the future of oral drug delivery systems and their impact on patient care