Abstract

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) represent a diverse group of disorders that impair the immune system, leaving individuals susceptible to recurrent infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. The management of PIDs poses significant challenges due to the complex genetic and phenotypic variability among patients. Recent advancements in immunology have led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes. These include gene therapy, monoclonal antibody therapies, and immune modulators, which offer promising alternatives to traditional treatments. Gene therapy has demonstrated potential in providing long-term solutions by correcting underlying genetic defects, while monoclonal antibodies help in boosting immune responses. Additionally, advancements in stem cell transplantation techniques are improving patient survival rates. However, challenges such as treatment accessibility, cost, and the risk of long-term complications remain. This review explores the current state of PID management, the innovations transforming treatment strategies, and the challenges that still need to be addressed for better clinical outcomes.