Abstract

Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time, significantly impacting marine life and ecosystem health. This study examines the multifaceted effects of plastic debris on marine organisms, including ingestion, entanglement, and the introduction of toxic substances. Marine species across all trophic levels are affected, from plankton and invertebrates to fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. The degradation of plastic into microplastics further exacerbates the problem, as these particles are ingested by a wide range of organisms, leading to bioaccumulation and potential human health risks through the food chain. Additionally, plastic pollution disrupts critical ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling and habitat integrity, threatening the biodiversity and resilience of marine ecosystems. The study also explores the socio-economic implications, including the impact on fisheries, tourism, and coastal communities. Urgent action is required to mitigate plastic pollution through comprehensive waste management strategies, policy interventions, and public awareness initiatives. This research underscores the need for a global, coordinated effort to protect marine life and preserve the health of our oceans.