Abstract

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a significant cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and pose a serious challenge to patient safety and therapeutic efficacy. DDIs occur when one drug alters the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, or both, of another drug. These interactions can lead to diminished therapeutic effects, enhanced toxicity, or the emergence of new side effects. This article explores the different types of drug-drug interactions, their underlying mechanisms, clinical consequences, and strategies for managing and preventing them. The article emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to understand and address DDIs to optimize pharmacotherapy and improve patient outcomes