Abstract

This comprehensive review delves into the intricate realm of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with a specific focus on the crucial role of metabolism in shaping pharmacokinetics. Metabolism, predominantly orchestrated by enzymes such as cytochrome P450, dictates the transformation of drugs within the human body, influencing their efficacy and safety. The two main phases of drug metabolism—Phase I and Phase II—alongside the diverse mechanisms of drug-drug interactions, including enzyme inhibition, induction, and substrate competition, are explored in detail. The clinical significance of DDIs cannot be overstated, particularly for patients on multiple medications, where careful consideration of potential interactions is paramount. Pharmacogenomics further amplifies the complexity, introducing genetic variations that impact individual responses to drugs. This review emphasizes the critical importance of understanding drug metabolism and interactions in modern pharmacology, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches and safer therapeutic outcomes.