Abstract

Drug formulation innovations have become crucial in overcoming bioavailability barriers, especially in populations with unique physiological and pathological conditions such as pediatrics, geriatrics, and patients with chronic illnesses. Bioavailability challenges often stem from factors like poor solubility, limited permeability, and first-pass metabolism, which can hinder the therapeutic efficacy of many drugs. This review discusses recent advancements in drug delivery systems, including nanoparticle-based formulations, lipid carriers, and novel excipients that enhance drug absorption and distribution. Additionally, it explores patient-centric approaches such as personalized medicine, the use of advanced computational modeling, and alternative routes of administration, such as transdermal and intranasal delivery, to optimize therapeutic outcomes. By addressing these bioavailability issues, these innovations have the potential to significantly improve drug efficacy, safety, and patient compliance in challenging populations, ultimately leading to better healthcare outcomes