Abstract

DNA damage refers to alterations in the DNA structure that can result in mutations, genomic instability, and disruptions in cellular functions. These changes can arise from internal cellular processes, environmental factors, or lifestyle influences. DNA damage plays a critical role in the development of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. The cell has evolved a sophisticated network of DNA repair mechanisms to maintain genomic integrity and prevent the accumulation of mutations. This article explores the causes of DNA damage, its consequences on cellular function, and the various repair pathways that help mitigate damage. Understanding DNA damage and repair is essential for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing disease and promoting healthy aging.

Keywords: DNA damage; DNA repair; Mutations; Genomic insta- bility; Cancer; Oxidative stress; Repair mechanisms; Aging; Cellular processes; Disease