Abstract

The demand for sustainable and efficient energy systems has driven significant advancements in the design and development of functional materials for energy storage and conversion devices. Materials such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and thermoelectric devices have become central to renewable energy technologies. To enhance the performance of these devices, researchers focus on designing materials with improved energy density, conductivity, stability, and cycle life. This paper discusses the latest developments in materials tailored for energy storage and conversion applications, including novel electrode materials, electrolytes, and catalysts. Functional materials such as carbon-based composites, nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and transition metal oxides are explored for their potential to revolutionize energy devices. Additionally, the integration of these materials into next-generation energy systems is analyzed in terms of scalability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. This review highlights the strategies employed to optimize materials for energy efficiency and provides insights into future trends in energy storage and conversion technologies.