Abstract

Dental biofilm, also known as dental plaque, is a complex and dynamic microbial community that forms on the surfaces of teeth and other oral structures. It consists of a mass of bacteria embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This biofilm formation occurs through a series of steps, starting with the attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface, followed by colonization and growth. Once established, the biofilm becomes highly structured, with different microbial species coexisting and interacting within a complex ecosystem.The bacterial composition of dental biofilm is diverse, with numerous species and strains present. Some of the most common bacteria found in dental biofilm include Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces species, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, among others. These bacteria contribute to the development of various oral diseases, such as dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum disease). The EPS matrix produced by the bacteria in dental biofilm plays a crucial role in its formation and stability. It provides protection to the bacteria from external factors, such as antimicrobial agents, and helps in the adhesion of bacteria to the tooth surface. The EPS matrix also serves as a reservoir for nutrients, facilitating bacterial growth and metabolism within the biofilm. Understanding the dynamics and properties of dental biofilm is essential for effective oral hygiene and prevention of oral diseases.Dental biofilm can be removed through regular and thorough brushing and flossing, as well as professional dental cleanings. However, if left undisturbed, dental biofilm can mature into a more complex and pathogenic state, leading to oral health problems.