Abstract

Pneumonia, an acute respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma, remains a significant global health concern, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems. It manifests with a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild cough and fever to severe respiratory distress and organ failure, often leading to substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pneumonia is predominantly caused by infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and less commonly, parasites. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are among the most common bacterial pathogens, while influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are prominent viral causes. The etiology of pneumonia varies depending on factors such as age, immune status, geographic location, and recent outbreaks of emerging pathogens. Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, radiological findings, and microbiological testing, although challenges persist in differentiating bacterial from viral etiologies, particularly in resource-limited settings. Treatment involves antimicrobial therapy tailored to the suspected or identified pathogen, supportive care, and prevention strategies such as vaccination, particularly for high-risk populations. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to effective pneumonia management. Moreover, disparities in access to healthcare services, vaccines, and diagnostic tools contribute to the burden of pneumonia, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of pneumonia, with a focus on addressing current challenges and future directions in combating this prevalent infectious disease.

Pneumonia, a prevalent and potentially life-threatening respiratory infection, continues to pose significant challenges worldwide despite advancements in medical care. This infectious disease affects the lungs, leading to inflammation of the air sacs, or alveoli, which can fill with fluid or pus. Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, with bacterial and viral etiologies being the most common. Symptoms range from mild to severe and may include fever, chills, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, young children, immunocompromised individuals, and those with underlying health conditions, are at increased risk of developing pneumonia and experiencing severe complications.