Abstract

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), historically known as dementia pugilistica, is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of tau protein in the brain, leading to widespread neurocellular damage. This condition primarily affects individuals with a history of repetitive head trauma, including athletes, military veterans, and others exposed to frequent concussions or sub-concussive impacts. The pathogenesis of CTE involves a gradual spread of tau pathology across various brain regions, culminating in cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and motor dysfunction. While CTE can manifest in individuals as young as 17, symptomatic onset typically occurs years or even decades after the initial head injuries. This paper reviews the emergence and evolution of CTE, exploring its clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and the impact of repetitive trauma on brain health. It also discusses the implications for affected populations, including the need for improved screening, preventive measures, and therapeutic interventions to address the long-term consequences of repeated brain injuries. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research and case studies, this review aims to enhance understanding of CTE and inform future strategies for managing and mitigating its effects.