Abstract

Cryptococcosis is a potentially severe fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus species, most commonly Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. This infection primarily targets immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and patients on immunosuppressive therapy. One of the most concerning aspects of cryptococcosis is its ability to invade the central nervous system (CNS), leading to cryptococcal meningitis, a life-threatening condition if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The pathogenesis of CNS invasion involves the inhalation of fungal spores or yeast cells, which then disseminate through the bloodstream to reach the brain and spinal cord. Once in the CNS, Cryptococcus can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and increased intracranial pressure, resulting in a range of neurological symptoms including headache, fever, altered mental status, and seizures.

Diagnosis of cryptococcosis often involves cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, where the presence of Cryptococcus can be detected through India ink staining, culture, or antigen testing. Treatment typically consists of antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole, administered either alone or in combination, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status.