Abstract

Signal transduction pathways are essential for cellular communication, mediating responses to internal and external stimuli. These pathways often interact with each other, leading to cross-talk that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The intricate network of signaling cross-talk is pivotal for diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and stress responses. However, aberrant cross-talk can contribute to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes. This review explores the mechanisms of cross-talk between key signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB pathways, and their implications for cellular function and dysfunction. Understanding the dynamics of signaling cross-talk can provide insights into disease mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic targets for correcting dysregulated signaling in pathological conditions.