Abstract

Craniofacial malformations are a subset of congenital neuromuscular disorders characterized by abnormal growth and development of the head and facial bones. These malformations predominantly occur during the first trimester and involve defects or anomalies of the visceral arches. The etiology of craniofacial malformations is multifactorial, encompassing genetic syndromes, prenatal environmental exposures, and nutritional deficiencies. Understanding the underlying causes and risk factors is crucial for the early diagnosis, prevention, and management of these conditions, which have significant implications for affected individuals’ health and quality of life.