Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in breast cancer progression and treatment response. Comprising a complex network of stromal cells, immune cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix components, the TME creates a supportive niche for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in targeting the TME as a therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes in breast cancer patients. This article provides an overview of the various components of the TME and explores the opportunities and challenges associated with targeting the TME in breast cancer treatment. From immunotherapy and angiogenesis inhibition to stromal targeting and extracellular matrix modulation, innovative approaches hold promise for disrupting the tumor-promoting effects of the TME and enhancing treatment efficacy. However, several obstacles, including TME heterogeneity, treatment resistance, and off-target effects, must be overcome to realize the full potential of TME-targeted therapies in breast cancer management.