Abstract

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a critical factor in the development of coronary atherosclerosis, leading to various clinical manifestations ranging from mild asymptomatic conditions to severe outcomes such as stable angina. The dysfunction of coronary microvasculature, which consists of vessels with a diameter less than 500 μm, can result in structural and functional abnormalities, leading to inadequate dilation. This comprehensive investigation focuses on understanding the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction and explores the potential of non-invasive screening techniques for early detection. Additionally, we assess the role of anti-inflammatory agents, including statins and immunomodulators like anakinra, tocilizumab, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, as potential therapeutic approaches to reduce cardiovascular events in atherosclerotic heart diseases.