Abstract

Congenital Cardiac Malformations (CCMs) are the most common form of congenital anomalies, affecting the structure and function of the heart from birth. This article explores the etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for CHDs. It also discusses the latest advancements in medical and surgical treatments and the role of genetic and environmental factors in the development of these defects. With improvements in early diagnosis and treatment, survival rates have increased, yet challenges remain in long-term care and management. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview for healthcare professionals, researchers, and caregivers involved in the care of patients with CCM

Keywords: CHD classification; Cyanotic heart defects; Acyanotic heart defects; Pediatric cardiology; Diagnosis; Management; Cardiac surgery; Genetic factors