Abstract

Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums, the root covering tissue, the periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone. These diseases range from gingivitis, a mild form of gum disease characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding, to more severe forms such as periodontitis, which can lead to tooth loss and significant bone damage. The primary cause of periodontal diseases is bacterial infection resulting from the accumulation of dental plaque. Contributing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, systemic diseases like diabetes, genetic predisposition, and certain medications. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent the progression of these diseases. Treatment modalities include non-surgical approaches like scaling and root planing, surgical interventions, and adjunctive therapies such as antimicrobial agents. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for periodontal diseases, highlighting the importance of maintaining periodontal health for overall well-being.