Abstract

The choice between prophylactic surgery and surveillance is a critical decision for individuals at high risk of hereditary cancers, particularly breast and ovarian cancers. This study examines the comparative outcomes of these two approaches in terms of cancer incidence, mortality, quality of life, and psychological well-being. Prophylactic surgery, such as mastectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy, has demonstrated significant reductions in cancer risk and improved survival rates in high-risk populations, particularly those with BRCA1/2 mutations. However, it carries potential physical and emotional challenges, including surgical complications and impacts on body image and reproductive health. In contrast, surveillance strategies, including regular imaging and biomarker testing, allow individuals to avoid immediate surgical risks while closely monitoring for early signs of cancer. While this approach offers advantages in maintaining physical integrity and reproductive potential, it can also lead to heightened anxiety and uncertainty due to the ongoing threat of cancer development. This article highlights the importance of personalized care in determining the most suitable approach, taking into account genetic risk, patient preferences, and psychological resilience. A multidisciplinary framework is recommended to support informed decision-making and optimize outcomes for patients navigating these complex choices in cancer prevention.