Abstract

Cell signalling pathways are crucial for regulating a wide range of cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. These pathways enable cells to respond to external stimuli and communicate with their environment, ensuring proper cellular function and maintaining homeostasis. This review provides an overview of key cell signalling pathways, their mechanisms, and their implications for health and disease. We explore classic signalling pathways such as the MAPK/ERK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, and the Wnt pathway, as well as emerging pathways and their roles in various biological contexts. The review also discusses recent advances in the field and highlights future directions for research.