Abstract

Cell signaling pathways are fundamental processes that allow cells to communicate with one another and respond to their environment. These pathways control essential cellular activities such as growth, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. Signal transduction involves the transmission of molecular signals from the cell surface to the interior through a series of protein interactions, second messengers, and phosphorylation events. The complexity of these pathways underlies many physiological processes and diseases. This article explores the mechanisms of cell signaling, types of signaling pathways, and their importance in health and disease, with a particular focus on cancer, metabolic disorders, and immune responses