Abstract

Cell signaling is a complex and essential process through which cells communicate with one another and respond to changes in their environment. It regulates numerous physiological processes, including growth, differentiation, and survival. However, exposure to various toxic substances can disrupt normal cell signaling, leading to adverse effects such as cell death, inflammation, and the development of diseases like cancer. This article explores the mechanisms of cell signaling in the context of toxicity, focusing on how toxicants interfere with signal transduction pathways. It also discusses the consequences of dysregulated cell signaling, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and genomic instability, and their implications for human health. Understanding these mechanisms can help in the development of therapeutic strategies to counteract toxic exposure and prevent associated diseases.