Abstract

Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as primary sources of energy and play crucial roles in various physiological functions. This review explores the sources, functions, and metabolic impact of carbohydrates in human nutrition and health. Carbohydrates are abundant in a wide range of foods, including grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, providing the body with glucose the preferred fuel for cellular energy production. The metabolism of carbohydrates involves digestion, absorption, and utilization through glycolysis and subsequent pathways, such as glycogenesis or lipogenesis. Beyond their energy-providing role, carbohydrates contribute to maintaining blood glucose levels and supporting cognitive function. Fiber, a type of carbohydrate, aids in digestive health, promotes satiety, and modulates cholesterol levels. However, excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates, such as sugars and refined grains, can lead to metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the types and sources of carbohydrates, along with their metabolic impact, is crucial for optimizing dietary intake and promoting overall health.