Abstract

Liquid chromatography (LC) is a versatile and widely used analytical technique that enables the separation, identification, and quantification of components in complex mixtures. It relies on the differential interaction of analytes with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. LC offers high resolution, sensitivity, and flexibility, making it an indispensable tool in various scientific fields. The principle of LC involves the use of a column packed with a stationary phase and a mobile phase that carries the sample through the column. Analytes in the sample interact with the stationary phase based on their physicochemical properties, leading to their separation. Various modes of LC, such as reversed-phase, normal-phase, ion-exchange, size-exclusion, and chiral chromatography, offer different separation mechanisms and selectivities.