Abstract

Blood sugar, or blood glucose, is a fundamental physiological parameter crucial for maintaining the body’s energy balance. It is tightly regulated through the interplay of hormones, primarily insulin and glucagon. Normal blood sugar levels fall within a relatively narrow range, reflecting the body’s remarkable ability to manage this vital nutrient. Deviations from this range, whether elevated (hyperglycemia) or decreased (hypoglycemia), can have significant health implications. Hyperglycemia, characterized by persistently high blood sugar levels, is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. It can lead to long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy. On the other hand, hypoglycemia, marked by low blood sugar levels, can cause immediate health issues, including confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures.