Abstract

Kernel smut is characterised by a black mass of chlamydospores that replaces all or part of each kernels as they approach or reach maturity. Only a few kernels on each panicle are often affected. Kernels that have been completely smutted may swell significantly, while others may crack open, exposing the dark spores. The disease is easily identifiable due to the black spores. A dark cloud of spores will form if the condition is severe.