Abstract

Bladder cancer represents a significant global health concern, with a diverse range of risk factors influencing its occurrence. This systematic review provides a comprehensive update on the epidemiology of bladder cancer, focusing on risk factors identified in studies up to 2018. The analysis encompasses environmental, genetic, occupational, and lifestyle determinants, shedding light on their relative contributions to bladder cancer incidence. By synthesizing the latest evidence, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted etiology of bladder cancer, informing targeted prevention strategies and personalized healthcare interventions [1, 2].