Abstract

Intervertebral Disc (IVD) degeneration and associated spinal disorders pose significant challenges in modern healthcare, leading to debilitating pain and decreased quality of life for millions worldwide. Traditional treatment options often focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying cause, highlighting the need for innovative regenerative therapies. Biomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for IVD repair and regeneration, offering versatile platforms for delivering therapeutic agents, promoting tissue healing, and restoring biomechanical function.